Berita Teknologi Informasi di Dunia – Pcworldme

Catch Up Bookkeeping: Quick Guide to Fix Year-end Financials

If your business operates using a cash basis accounting method, you only need to send the customer an invoice once they have paid. If your business uses an accrual basis accounting method, you record the amount in your books the moment the sale occurs, even if you haven’t received the cash yet. Say you made a $1000 sale in October 2020, but you weren’t paid until February 2021. As tempting as it is to ignore, it’s worth catching up on overdue bookkeeping well before tax season rolls around. Having tax-ready books can help you comply with IRS recordkeeping requirements and file an effective tax return.

Profitjets Help Businesses with Catch Up Bookkeeping

One of the most essential services a bookkeeper can provide for a business owner is to keep the company’s books accurate and up-to-date. Being able to quickly and easily review the status of your finances is crucial to short and long-term success for any business owner. When you know the health of your finances, you can make quicker decisions concerning everything from who to hire next to what marketing strategy recently worked best.

Transform Accounting Process

If not, then for the duration you’ve been using these modes of payment, you haven’t been tracking the money going in or out. You may need to hire a bookkeeper to reconcile all the digital and physical receipts of expenses, invoices, and other transaction records into your general ledger. These transaction records are essential for accurate bookkeeping and reporting. With respect to the recreational sector, this rule will further reduce the allowable harvest by increasing the buffer between the recreational ACL and the ACT by 10 percent more than necessary to account for the uncertainty in constraining recreational harvest. This additional 10 percent reduction in recreational harvest will further reduce mortality and increase the probability of rebuilding.

Separate Personal and Business Expenses

The 2023 temporary rule for gag implemented the current commercial ACL and commercial quota of 258,000 lb (117,027 kg) and 199,000 lb (90,265 kg), respectively, and the recreational ACL and ACT of 403,759 lb (183,142 kg) and 362,374 lb (164,370 kg), respectively. These catch limits are based on the results of the initial SEDAR 72 base model run, which included recreational landings estimates generated using MRIP-FES. At https://www.bookstime.com/ this point, catch up bookkeeping is a vital tool for businesses, helping regain control over their financial records, rectify any discrepancies or errors, and ensure compliance with accounting standards and regulatory requirements. It allows entities to reconcile bank statements, track outstanding invoices and bills, categorize expenses, and generate accurate financial reports for analysis and decision-making purposes.

Manage Your Receipts and Documents Using Technology

You might want to systematically organize these documents to facilitate reconciliation and ensure no transactions have been omitted or overlooked. Businesses may initiate catch-up bookkeeping in response to audits, financial reviews, catch up bookkeeping or due diligence processes conducted by external parties such as investors, lenders, or regulatory authorities. These assessments require businesses to demonstrate transparency, accuracy, and compliance with accounting standards.

• It helps automate and streamline bookkeeping tasks, reducing the risk of human error and providing up-to-date financial data for reporting.
• Staying up-to-date throughout the year can even help you to plan ahead so that you can reduce the stress that often comes with tax season.
• From a service like EcomBalance, you can pay anywhere from $250 per month to $1,000+ per month for the Catch Up work, depending on the size of your business and the complexity of the catch up work.
• Catch-up bookkeeping is essential for business owners to update company accounting records, rectify inaccurate financial statements, manage overdue bookkeeping, and ensure better financial control.

Since 2011, we’ve provided tax services, accounting, and controller services for companies and nonprofits with between $500K and $10M in revenue. If this describes you and you find yourself in need of a bookkeeping cleanup but no resources to do it, let us know. This can happen for various reasons, such as neglecting regular bookkeeping tasks, overwhelming workloads, or unexpected events that divert attention away from financial management. Catch-up bookkeeping services can also provide some strategies to keep you from getting behind on your books in the future. During the reconciliation process, your financial professional will compare each transaction in your accounting records with the same transaction on your bank statements. Anytime you migrate data or need to reconcile your accounts, it’s helpful to give yourself an audit to ensure you’re working with the latest data.

• NMFS agrees, thus, this final rule will implement a recreational ACT that is approximately 20 percent below the recreational ACL.
• Our professionals will work as per your needs and will come up with proper documentation of all your data which will help in making future decisions about the company.
• A process called “capacity planning” is used to forecast and compare time committed to clients against their available capacity so that you can meet your changing and increasing client needs.
• For more guidance, explore these bookkeeping tips for small businesses which can help you stay on top of your financials more effectively.
• Catch up bookkeeping enables businesses to access reliable financial data, empowering decision-makers to identify trends, assess performance, and implement strategic initiatives more confidently.
• It can also let you know whether you have any outstanding debts you need to pay.

What is catch-up bookkeeping?

Luckily there are ways to reduce stress in an accounting firm and maintain a healthy work-life balance. See why thousands of small business owners just like you made the switch to Bench. From bookkeeping to tax filing, Bench is the all-in-one financial toolkit your business can count on.

Why is the Accounting Profession Stressful?

Small Business Accounting Guide

If you select one accounting method and then decide that you’d like to change it after filing your taxes, you’d need to complete IRS Form 3115 to formally do so. If you opt to not link your software with your bank, you will need to reconcile you accounts manually. Whichever way you do it, it’s important to complete the process on a regular basis. If you’re using double-entry accounting, which is recommended, you will have a corresponding credit entry for any debit entry you make, and vice versa. We’re firm believers in the Golden Rule, which is why editorial opinions are ours alone and have not been previously reviewed, approved, or endorsed by included advertisers.

Decimal: Best for project-based businesses

Enter some basic business information and we’ll send you up to five free quotes customized to your unique bookkeeping needs. Bookkeeping begins with setting up each necessary account so you can record transactions in the appropriate categories. You likely won’t have the same exact accounts as the business next door—that’s one key reason we recommend meeting with a CPA to set up an individualized chart of accounts specific to your business. But regardless of the type or size of business you own, the accounts we list below are the most popular. If you choose to use double-entry bookkeeping—and we strongly suggest you do!

• They’re usually paid hourly or by project, set their own work hours and typically their work isn’t central to the functioning of the business.
• When you’re learning how to keep books for small business, income is your top priority (naturally).
• Before you sign your return, be sure to review it for accuracy based on your full-year financial reports.
• By carefully considering these aspects, you can choose the bookkeeping solution that best fits your business needs, enabling you to focus on driving growth and success.
• You might also consider opening a savings account to deposit tax obligations.

Accounting software

Bookkeeping allows you to have a greater understanding of the areas within your business where you can trim costs. As a business owner, you’re responsible for reporting crucial financial data about your firm to potential investors and other stakeholders. At the same time, businesses need to make sure they pay their own bills on time to avoid late fees and maintain a solid reputation. These expenses that haven’t been paid yet are categorized as accounts payable. Though often confused for each other, there are key differences between bookkeeping and accounting. At its core, bookkeeping is about recording financial data, while accounting is about interpreting financial data.

Should I Hire a Small Business Accountant?

• Many or all of the products featured here are from our partners who compensate us.
• But many companies opt to use bookkeeping software to organise their financial histories.
• You can set invoice reminders so your customers remember that they pay you within 30 days of the delivery or receipt.
• We’ll show you examples of how to record a transaction as both a credit and debit later on.
• Finally, subtract your total expenses from your total revenue to get your bottom line.
• From overseeing daily operations to strategizing for growth, the responsibilities are endless.

A bookkeeper who can effectively set up and leverage various automations, such as software integrations, can help you minimize mistakes. An excellent bookkeeper sets up processes to regularly review, identify and resolve the inevitable errors. This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses https://www.bookstime.com/ and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals. Instead, you’re ready to transform the cringey task into a powerful mechanism for creating financial business reports. Once you approve and pay an invoice, you can then log the receipt as a source document to verify the debit (or multiple debits, if the transaction is split) of another account.

Payroll support on demand provides small businesses with the flexibility to manage their payroll processes efficiently and accurately without the need for dedicated in-house financial resources. For example, the cash flow management of manufacturing concerns cannot be similar to that of a drop shipping company. But within the same industry or sector, there will be a common trend in cash flow management. An industry-specific expert does not treat record keeping for small business your financial data in isolation but highlights the factors and how they can be manipulated to achieve the desired outcome. As a business owner, you’re responsible for reporting crucial financial data about your firm to potential investors and other stakeholders. Bookkeeping programs that incorporate graphs, charts, and other visual aids make it easier to increase data precision and improve communication when you’re wooing investors.

Affordable than in-house Accountant

Chart of Accounts

How frequently should you update your books?

Depreciation MCQ Quiz With Answers

Declining balance depreciation is one method of calculating the depreciation expense on long term assets such as property, plant, and equipment. The method is sometimes referred to as the reducing balance method or the diminishing balance method of depreciation. Companies use variousmethods of depreciationto account for the depreciation expense. As we have covered Depreciation and its different methods in past, it is the right time to do some quizzes to refresh your memories and understanding. We have prepared some MCQs (Multple Choice Questions) that you will find very good for your preparation in exams as well. You can use accounting software to track depreciation using any depreciation method.

How confident are you in your long term financial plan?

We recommend attempting to answer each question yourself before revealing the answer. Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. The number of times, asset can be run for production without ordinary overhauling. If you have any difficulty answering the questions, learn more about this topic by reading our mini-lectures covering introductory to Depreciation.

Get Your Questions Answered and Book a Free Call if Necessary

The numerator is the years left in the asset’s useful life, and the denominator is the sum of the years in the asset’s original useful life. The sum of the years’ digits depreciates the most in the first year, and the depreciation is reduced with each passing year. If you use the asset heavily in its early years, you should choose a depreciation method that posts more expenses in the early years. The annual depreciation expense amount should be fixed if you expect to use an asset at the same rate year over year. Our team of reviewers are established professionals with decades of experience in areas of personal finance and hold many advanced degrees and certifications.

To calculate double-declining balance depreciation, you need to know all of the following EXCEPT which one?

Let’s say you need to determine the depreciation of a delivery truck. It has a salvage value of $3,000, a depreciable base of $27,000, and a five-year useful life. When determining how to calculate straight-line depreciation, the formula shows that an asset depreciates by the same amount each year. The government encourages capital investment by allowing you to recognize the gradual depreciation of your company’s assets and use that loss of value as a write-off on your business taxes.

Depreciation tracks the decrease in an asset’s value year over year. Accumulated depreciation is the total depreciation of that asset for all of the preceding years. So, an asset with a https://www.bookkeeping-reviews.com/ $200,000 purchase price and a current book value of $120,000 would have an accumulated depreciation of $80,000. The formula for accumulated depreciation varies by depreciation method.

Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. We need just a bit more info from you to direct your question to the right person. Our goal is to deliver the most understandable and comprehensive explanations of financial topics using simple writing complemented by helpful graphics and animation videos. We follow strict ethical journalism practices, which includes presenting unbiased information and citing reliable, attributed resources. If you find any questions difficult, visit the depreciation chapter on our website to find out the necessary details about depreciation (see the Financial Accounting section).

For multiple-choice and true/false questions, simply press or click on what you think is thecorrect answer.For fill-in-the-blank questions, press or click on the blank space provided. For the past 52 years, Harold Averkamp (CPA, MBA) has worked as an accounting supervisor, manager, consultant, university instructor, and innovator in teaching accounting online. As a member, you’ll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons in math, English, science, history, and more.

Depreciation is calculated by the 40 cents cost per unit of production and deducted from the depreciable value of $40,000. If the machine produces 20,000 units each year, it will depreciate at a rate of $8,000 per year. The units of production method calculates depreciation based on the number of units produced in a particular year. This method is useful for companies with large production variations each year. Let’s say you want to find the van’s depreciation expense in the first, second, and third year you own it.

1. The sum of the years’ digits depreciates the most in the first year, and the depreciation is reduced with each passing year.
2. Knowing these terms can help you understand and calculate the impact of depreciation on your assets’ values.
3. The depreciation equation you choose depends on how you use the asset to generate revenue.

You can better plan for asset purchases if you learn how to calculate depreciation. Posting depreciation helps you monitor the current status of your fixed assets. To determine when you must replace assets, review each fixed asset’s detailed listing. Accumulated depreciation is the total amount the best small business accounting software for 2021 of depreciation recognized to date. To find the annual depreciation expense, divide the truck’s depreciable base by its useful life to get $5,400 per year. You find that you can sell the truck for $3,000 after five years because you subtracted the cost of the truck from its depreciable base.

You must own the asset for at least one year and use it for business purposes or to produce income. The asset must also have a finite usage or run out at a defined point in the future. For an asset to be depreciated for tax purposes, it must meet the criteria set forth by the IRS. Knowing these terms can help you understand and calculate the impact of depreciation on your assets’ values. Test your knowledge of depreciation by answering the 10 short questions given below.

Depreciation is the gradual decrease in the value of a company’s assets. It can play many roles in a business’s financial planning, including properly assessing asset values for accurate (and potentially lower) company taxes. Test your knowledge of accounting principles with this quiz on depreciation. Explore the concept of asset value reduction and the allocation of costs in accounting statements. This team of experts helps Finance Strategists maintain the highest level of accuracy and professionalism possible.

Our mission is to empower readers with the most factual and reliable financial information possible to help them make informed decisions for their individual needs. At Finance Strategists, we partner with financial experts to ensure the accuracy of our financial content. Finance Strategists has an advertising relationship with some of the companies included on this website. We may earn a commission when you click on a link or make a purchase through the links on our site. All of our content is based on objective analysis, and the opinions are our own.

If the machine produced 40,000 units in the first year of its useful life, the depreciation expense was $16,000. The van’s book value at the beginning of the second year is $15,000, or the van’s cost ($25,000) subtracted from its first-year depreciation ($10,000). Now, multiply the van’s book value ($15,000) by 40% to get a $6,000 depreciation expense in the second year. Assets depreciate slowly over time, allowing the business to receive a tax deduction for each year. If an asset lost all value in its first year, the company would only have the tax benefits once.

Depreciation is different from amortization because depreciation only relates to tangible assets, while amortization relates to intangible assets. While an intangible asset can’t break down or wear out, its value can decrease over time. Amortization tracks the reduced value of the intangible asset (like a patent or copyright) until eventually it reaches zero. To find the depreciation amount per unit produced, divide the $40,000 depreciable base by 100,000 units to get 40¢ per unit.

Multiply the van’s cost ($25,000) by 40% to get a $10,000 depreciation expense in the first year. Double Entry Bookkeeping is here to provide you with free online information to help you learn and understand bookkeeping and introductory accounting. The most common Depreciation methods are the straight-line Depreciation method, the accelerated Depreciation method, and the declining balance Depreciation method.

By reporting an asset’s value decrease to the IRS, the business receives a tax deduction for the asset’s depreciation. The business is allowed to select the method of depreciation that best suits its tax needs. A financial professional will offer guidance based on the information provided and offer a no-obligation call to better understand your situation.

While asset accounts increase with a debit entry, accumulated depreciation is a contra-asset account that increases with a credit entry. This format is useful because the balance sheet will subtract each asset’s accumulated depreciation balance from its original cost. The van’s book value at the beginning of the third year is $9,000, or the van’s cost minus its accumulated depreciation ($16,000).

Subtract the salvage amount from the asset cost and divide the balance by the number of periods in the asset’s practical life. Our writing and editorial staff are a team of experts holding advanced financial designations and have written for most major financial media publications. Our work has been directly cited by organizations including Entrepreneur, Business Insider, Investopedia, Forbes, CNBC, and many others. In accounting, decision-making is the process of choosing between two or more courses of action to achieve the desired outcome.

There are many different ways to calculate Depreciation, but the most common approach is the straight-line Depreciation method. Under this approach, the cost of an asset is divided by its estimated useful life to come up with a Depreciation expense per year. Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of an asset over its useful life. The objective of Depreciation accounting is to match the expense of using an asset against its revenue. If you find these questions challenging, read our article on depreciation to learn more and get to grips with this important accounting topic.

What Is a Chart of Accounts & a Sample Numbering System

As a slight aside, it’s also important to keep in mind the relationship between your COA, GL, and financial statements. It’s actually your COA that comes first in the data chain, where your categories and identifiers funnel transactions into the ledger, which classifies them accordingly. Upping the ante even more, we’re also including a COA template to provide you with a handy jumpstart to your own chart of accounts.

How is a chart of accounts organized?

Read on to learn about the importance of a chart of accounts and how to create one to keep track of your business’s accounts. This column is for information only to indicate whether the account Navigating Financial Growth: Leveraging Bookkeeping and Accounting Services for Startups is normally increased by a debit or a credit. For example expense accounts are normally increased by a debit entry, whereas income accounts are normally increased by a credit entry.

Where to look for liabilities in reports?

The first digit of the number signifies if it is an asset, liability, etc. For example, if the first digit is a “1” it is an asset, if the first digit is a “3” it is a revenue account, etc. The company decided to include a column to indicate whether a debit or credit will increase the amount in the account. This sample chart of accounts also includes a column containing a description of each account in order to assist in the selection of the most appropriate account. It’s safe to assume larger companies will typically have more transactions and accompanying GL accounts than smaller ones.

Can a chart of accounts be customized to fit specific business needs?

Revenue is the money generated from normal business operations and essentially whatever you collect from your customers prior to deducting any costs. Exclude nonoperating income, such as interest, in your revenue accounts. Without this standardized approach, you’re essentially performing the same effort twice, routing transactions across different https://megapolisnews.com/navigating-financial-growth-leveraging-bookkeeping-and-accounting-services-for-startups/ accounts between the entities. Suffice it to say, repetitive work is slower, more inefficient, and less reliable, all traits working directly against what your chart of accounts is supposed to accomplish in the first place. These accounts equate to the equity value remaining in your business after deducting your liabilities from your assets.

• At the risk of sounding repetitive, being thorough on the front-end will save you much heartache on the backend.
• Debiting and crediting are essentially changing the balances of different accounts to reflect business activities.
• So, a company can use account coding to generate certain information, such as total cash.
• Add an account statement column to your COA to record which statement you’ll be using for each account–cash flow, balance sheet, or income statement.
• Read on to learn about the importance of a chart of accounts and how to create one to keep track of your business’s accounts.
• It provides a way to categorize all of the financial transactions that a company conducted during a specific accounting period.

The following tips will help you set your chart of accounts up for success. Take note that the chart of accounts of one company may not be suitable for another company. It all depends upon the company’s needs, nature of operations, size, etc. In any case, the chart of accounts is a useful tool for bookkeepers in recording business transactions. Accounts are classified into assets, liabilities, capital, income, and expenses; and each is given a unique account number. A COA is a list of the account names a company uses to label transactions and keep tabs on its finances.

The firm offers bookkeeping and accounting services for business and personal needs, as well as ERP consulting and audit assistance. It’s not always fun seeing a straightforward list of everything you spend your hard-earned money on, but the chart of accounts can give you an important view of your spending habits. You can get a handle on your necessary recurring expenses, like rent, utilities, and internet. You can also examine your other expenses and see where you may be able to cut down on costs if needed. If you have Xendoo, you get Quickbooks and a team of expert bookkeepers and accountants to create your chart of accounts for you. If you don’t, you can get a free trial or schedule a call with a Xendoo accountant.

Business stage

The Founders Guide to Startup Accounting

All you need to give us some of your time and in return, you can rest easy about your books. In the hustle and bustle of the startup world, a solid financial foundation is your anchor. Summing up our journey, this section emphasizes the importance of continuous learning, adaptability, and a proactive approach to bookkeeping. Armed with the right knowledge and practices, you can build a financial foundation that not only withstands challenges but propels your startup to unprecedented heights. As your startup scales, seek guidance from financial advisors or consultants. Professionals with expertise in scaling financial operations can provide strategic advice, identify potential challenges, and guide your startup toward financial success.

The Basics of Accounting for Startups

• As tax season approaches, stay informed about relevant tax laws and regulations.
• You must keep abreast of changing financial regulations and compliance requirements, as non-compliance can result in heavy penalties.
• Start by creating a dedicated business account, tracking all expenses and income meticulously.
• Your supplier calls to let you know that they won’t be shipping any products until you pay your bill.

Furthermore, Melio syncs with QuickBooks for better bookkeeping and accounting. Lastly, even though Melio doesn’t have a native mobile application, it is highly mobile optimized. Its paid plans, of course, have more features for bookkeeping for startups larger organizations. These include automated workflows, project management, recurring transactions, sales approvals, and bank reconciliation. And, the lowest-tiered plan only costs an affordable $20 per organization per month.

Preparing Basic Financial Statements

As it is designed for small businesses, it is also very useful for startups. The platform allows users to make payments via bank transfer and debit card for free. Moreover, provided you are in the US, you can even send payments through these channels to vendors who only accept checks. With these, you can save the time and effort it takes to send out a check.

Should a business owner hire an accountant for the startup accounting process?

As your startup grows and makes more revenue, your recordkeeping system will become more complex and crucial to maintain. This is why starting with a well-organized system as you run your business is essential. You can use simple and intuitive accounting software for startups to automate the accounting process and get an up-to-date view of your cash flow. One of your best choices is to try FreshBooks accounting software for free. It can help you navigate the growth of your business and keep your startup’s financial health in tip-top shape. Additionally, bookkeepers may reconcile bank statements, manage payroll, and track accounts payable and receivable.

Smart bookkeeping. Powered by professionals. Backed by technology.

An accounting professional that’s on your side, available to answer questions and explain your financials, is invaluable in those negotiations. QuickBooks Live connects bookkeepers with small businesses that need help doing their books. Some tasks QuickBooks Live bookkeepers perform include providing assistance in setting up charts of accounts, categorizing transactions, reconciling accounts, preparing financial reports, and more. Bookkeepers are responsible for recording financial transactions related to the business.

• QuickBooks is very popular, so any accountant you hire can likely work with it.
• Its seamless integration of bank feeds with the Account Reconciliation module combines desktop robustness with cloud accessibility.
• It is used as a proxy for cash flow while being focused on the income statement.
• However, if you choose to do your startup accounting manually, you will need to record all transactions in the general ledger.
• Beyond static numbers, trend analysis adds a dynamic dimension to financial statements.
• Other advanced features include modules for inventory management, automatic bank feeds, purchase orders, and exhaustive reports.

• Moreover, you can set up different types of workflows, such as automated posting of expenses and payments to and from your bank accounts.
• Proper bookkeeping for startups saves you time, provides clarity, keeps you compliant, and gives your startup room to rapidly grow.
• You’ll also be able to begin pursuing potentially much bigger clients that have very complex needs.
• Xendoo offers a variety of financial services for startups and small businesses, including bookkeeping, tax preparation, and fractional CFO services.
• Smart VCs will check to see what the difference is between the CEO’s revenue number and the actual financial statements recognized revenue.

The ability to handle such edge cases with ease sets Puzzle apart from traditional accounting software. Cash basis accounting records transactions when money changes hands. This method doesn’t record invoices or your company’s outstanding bills until they’ve been paid. Before you take on any small-business bookkeeping tasks, you must decide whether a single- or double-entry accounting system is a better fit. The entry system you choose impacts how you manage your finances and how your bookkeeping processes will work.

Financial Models

This granularity provides insights into cost centers and helps identify areas for optimization. Launching a startup is an exhilarating journey, filled with creativity, innovation, and the promise of success. https://www.bookstime.com/ Amidst the excitement, it’s easy to overlook a critical aspect of your business—bookkeeping. Often considered a mundane task, effective bookkeeping is the bedrock of financial stability for startups.

Zoho Expense

Additional features include bookkeeping advisory and software, financial reporting, accounting services, payroll services, and business entity formation. Most businesses have revenue and expense bank accounts (AKA temporary accounts) that provide information for the company’s income statement. At the end of the accounting cycle, these accounts are closed, which means the balance of the temporary accounts is reduced to zero.

• Gross profit is a very underappreciated metric in the startup world.
• Moreover, it is also known for its ease of use, especially with its vendor onboarding and management modules.
• In the beginning, most startups don’t need a third-party bookkeeper since this will add even more to the startup cost.
• As we delve into the intricacies of building a solid financial foundation, we unravel the mysteries of balance sheets, demystifying them as powerful tools for strategic decision-making.
• When a business maintains accurate books, it’s easier to project its growth.

Best Jobs for Seniors: Part Time Jobs in Tax Preparation and Bookkeeping

When building a bookkeeping business from the ground up, it often makes sense to start small and work with businesses whose bookkeeping needs are relatively straightforward. Many businesses, particularly sole entrepreneurships, have very straightforward books that likely only require a few hours of bookkeeping per month. However, as time goes on and your business grows, you’ll be able to offer a wider variety of services. You’ll also be able to begin pursuing potentially much bigger clients that have very complex needs.